Several other reptiles and vertebrates had multiple Pleistocene refugia in the Italian Peninsula, but besides higher overall diversity in the southern part of the peninsula, no other general pattern can be observed (see e.g. This is in concordance with the 'refugia- within-refugia' hypothesis ( Gomez and Lunt, 2007), originally pro- posed for the Iberian Peninsula, and the observed pattern of genet- ic variation could have been shaped during the Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Such diversity would be expected if the genetic variation had been shaped in mul- tiple microrefugia dislocated in the Italian Peninsula and/or in south-eastern France. The newly recognized species is sub-structured into several subc- lades showing relatively high intraspecific variation. fragilis from the Balkan and/or southern French refugia seems implausible and the Pleistocene climate oscillations rather played a role in shaping its more recent genetic diversity and distribution. the data presented herein, the origin of the Italian slow worms via Pleistocene colonization of the Italian Peninsula by A. We used three taxa of two re- lated Western Palearctic anguid genera (sensu Macey et al., 1999) as outgroups in phylogenetic analyses, as well as in calculations and comparison of the genetic.
Genetic material is listed in Table 1 and distribution of the sam- pling localities is depicted in Fig. graeca specimen from Montenegro was completed by the previously missing fragment. graeca previously erroneously allocated to Užice, Serbia, but in fact originating from southern Albania. (2010) corrected in re- spect to one sample of A. We also supplemented our data set with sequences used in Gvoždík et al. Oral swabs, blood droplets or miniature tail biopsies were taken from a small number of living animals. samples of slow worms from Italy (N = 14) and additional European localities (N = 18) were obtained mainly from road-killed individuals and museum voucher specimens (see Table 1).
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